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Overview Fungible tokens form the backbone of modern blockchain ecosystems—fueling decentralized finance (DeFi), stablecoins, NFTs, gaming, and more. Yet how a chain handles the separation of state and code can have profound impacts on state growth, data management, and scalability. Two major token standards—Ethereum’s ERC-20 and Solana’s SPL—e...

TL;DR Data availability (DA) ensures that anyone can retrieve the necessary information (transactions) for verifying a blockchain or rollup. Posting all rollup data on Ethereum is secure but very expensive and limited by Ethereum’s throughput. Celestia, Polygon Avail, and EigenDA each tackle off-chain data availability differently, with ...

For those familiar with Uniswap, you know its power lies in its simplicity: liquidity pools governed by constant function market maker (CFMM) formulas. Recently, Uniswap V4 introduced Hooks which are smart contract “extensions” that inject custom logic into these pools. Imagine: dynamic fees adjusting to volatility, on-chain limit orders directl...

Solana achieves high throughput and near-instant finality, yet it must also handle the reality of real-world networks: data loss, latency, and potential adversarial behavior. One key strategy used is erasure coding—specifically, Reed–Solomon codes—which allow a block (or shard set) to be reconstructed even if some data packets are lost. In this...

Introduction Imagine you’re part of a new decentralized blockchain aiming to store massive amounts of data on-chain—think NFT artwork, transaction histories, and user-generated archives. Each node in the network hosts only a slice of the total ledger. Some nodes go offline unexpectedly; others might be malicious. Directly replicating every byte...

WIP - WORK IN PROGRESS Introduction: The Convergence of L1 and L2 Over the last several years, the Ethereum community has embraced rollups—layer-two solutions that bundle transactions and post data to Ethereum—transforming Ethereum from a single “global computer” into a network of specialized execution environments. Yet every major rollup st...

Introduction What if high performance blockchain like Solana’s fee model could automatically adjust not just for compute usage, but also for memory, network bandwidth, and I/O? In high-throughput environments, multiple resource bottlenecks can emerge—yet traditional one-dimensional fee mechanisms rarely capture this reality. In Part 1 of our s...