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Introduction - The Evolution of Automated Market Makers If you’ve ever traded on Uniswap, you might think of it as a decentralized vending machine for tokens—you put in token A, and it spits out token B. But this vending machine isn’t using fixed prices—it’s governed by a mathematical function that determines prices dynamically based on supply ...

Overview Fungible tokens form the backbone of modern blockchain ecosystems—fueling decentralized finance (DeFi), stablecoins, NFTs, gaming, and more. Yet how a chain handles the separation of state and code can have profound impacts on state growth, data management, and scalability. Two major token standards—Ethereum’s ERC-20 and Solana’s SPL—e...

TL;DR Data availability (DA) ensures that anyone can retrieve the necessary information (transactions) for verifying a blockchain or rollup. Posting all rollup data on Ethereum is secure but very expensive and limited by Ethereum’s throughput. Celestia, Polygon Avail, and EigenDA each tackle off-chain data availability differently, with ...

For those familiar with Uniswap, you know its power lies in its simplicity: liquidity pools governed by constant function market maker (CFMM) formulas. Recently, Uniswap V4 introduced Hooks which are smart contract “extensions” that inject custom logic into these pools. Imagine: dynamic fees adjusting to volatility, on-chain limit orders directl...

Introduction and Background Many Layer-2 (L2) blockchain systems today rely on a single, centralized sequencer to collect, order, and batch user transactions before submitting them to Layer 1 (L1). This design is popular because it’s straightforward to implement, offers high throughput, and provides a fast user experience. However, it also crea...

Solana achieves high throughput and near-instant finality, yet it must also handle the reality of real-world networks: data loss, latency, and potential adversarial behavior. One key strategy used is erasure coding—specifically, Reed–Solomon codes—which allow a block (or shard set) to be reconstructed even if some data packets are lost. In this...

Introduction Imagine you’re part of a new decentralized blockchain aiming to store massive amounts of data on-chain—think NFT artwork, transaction histories, and user-generated archives. Each node in the network hosts only a slice of the total ledger. Some nodes go offline unexpectedly; others might be malicious. Directly replicating every byte...

WIP - WORK IN PROGRESS Introduction: The Convergence of L1 and L2 Over the last several years, the Ethereum community has embraced rollups—layer-two solutions that bundle transactions and post data to Ethereum—transforming Ethereum from a single “global computer” into a network of specialized execution environments. Yet every major rollup st...