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Understanding Column vs. Row Encoding in Rank-1 Constraint Systems: A Cryptographic Perspective Introduction In the realm of cryptographic protocols, particularly those involving zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP), the efficiency and complexity of computations are of great importance. Rank-1 Constraint Systems (R1CS) play a crucial role in this contex...

Danksharding is an innovative approach to scale Ethereum’s blockchain, aiming to achieve over 100,000 transactions per second by enabling rollups to add cheaper data to blocks ethereum.org. As Ethereum moves towards Proto-Danksharding and eventually full Danksharding ethereum.org, data extraction and interpolation become crucial aspects of the b...

Overview Trusted Setup Powers of Tau Ceremony Exercises - Trusted Setup Non-Quadratic Constraints Exercises - Non-Quadratic Constraints Groth16 and PLONK Protocols Proof Generation, Computing Witness, Verification and Testing Overview ZKSNARKS are a powerful cryptographic tool that can enabl...

Greatest Common Divisor Overview Definition 1 - GCD Definition 2 - Co-prime Proposition 1 The Euclidean Algorithm Geometrical View of the Euclidean Algorithm The Extended Euclidean Algorithm Theorem 1 Proposition 2 Theorem 2 Greatest Common Divisor Overview T...

Overview Understanding the Role of R1CS in ZK Protocols Definition and Explanation of R1CS Relation to Circuits of Logical Gates Constructing R1CS for Zero Knowledge Proofs Circom R1CS Examples Example 1 Ex1 R1CS Constraint Explanation Ex1 Sagemath Implementation ...

IN DRAFT MODE Summary Machine learning has become increasingly prominent and is widely used in various applications in practice. Despite its great success, the integrity of machine learning predictions and accuracy is a rising concern. The reproducibility of machine learning models that are claimed to achieve high accuracy remains challenging, ...

Introduction ElGamal Encryption Enhancing Security of ElGamal Encryption Finding a Safe Generator Practical Applications of ElGamal Encryption Conclusion Introduction ElGamal encryption is a widely-used public key encryption algorithm that provides confidentiality and security in communication systems. It was proposed by Taher ElGam...

Rate Limiting Nullifier (RLN) Review I recently had the pleasure of conducting my first security audit of a Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) protocol. The protocol in question was the Rate Limiting Nullifier (RLN) Zero Knowledge Proofs Protocol, with its circuits written in Circom. My main focus during this review was on the Circom Circuits of the Z...