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When cheap block-space backfires During Solana’s January 2022 congestion episode the success rate of ordinary user transactions fell by as much as 70% as arbitrage bots resubmitted identical orders thousands of times to maximize inclusion odds; the validator pipeline simply clogged and block production slowed to a crawl12. Polygon faced a diffe...

Introduction Maintaining censorship resistance (CR) is important to ensure the integrity, fairness, and decentralization of decentralized applications (dApps). Censorship resistance safeguards against malicious actors attempting to manipulate transaction processing, thereby preserving the foundational principles of blockchain systems. The Atla...

WORK IN PROGRESS Abstract Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has emerged as a critical factor influencing fairness, efficiency, and decentralization within blockchain ecosystems. MEV refers to the additional value that can be extracted through the manipulation of transaction ordering, insertion, or censorship within a block. This article presen...

Special thank yous to @ThogardPvP & @jacobeth4 from @0xFastLane, @ballsyalchemist from @sorella_labs, and @DariusTabai from @vertex_protocol for reading early versions of this article and providing feedback. Introduction As blockchain technology matures, decentralized applications (dApps) face increasing challenges in managing transaction ...

Let’s develop a framework around how Liquid Restaking Token (LRT) providers could measure and relay the worst-case stake loss $R_\psi(C)$ for different validators, calculate cross-contagion risk (which is important when validators are interconnected or share market risks), and how this could feed into an overall system like Nucleus to provide mo...

WIP - WORK IN PROGRESS Introduction In this technical blog, we will explore deeper into the gas efficiency trade-off, using the insights from Fastlane’s ASS framework1. Their observations, particularly around domain-specific constraints, will serve as the foundation for developing a rigorous, mathematical model that captures the intricacies of...

Introduction Social consensus is often treated like a magic fix for safety faults in blockchain networks, especially in the fast-paced conversations on Crypto Twitter (CT). But if history has taught us anything—whether it’s the bitter small block vs. big block debates or the Ethereum split after the DAO fork—it’s that social consensus is anythi...

Figure: Multiple Concurrent Proposers in Ethereum In this article we study the strengths, weaknesses, and implementation challenges of Multiple Concurrent Block Proposers (MCP)1 and Fork-Choice Enforced Inclusion Lists (FOCIL)2, with a particular focus on the BRAID MCP model as discussed in the recent Paradigm Research Workshop3. The primary go...